Preprints
There are 7999 Preprints listed.
National scale sub-meter time series mangrove mapping using Landsat imagery and deep transfer learning
Published: 2025-12-15
Subjects: Geography, Remote Sensing
Current mangrove time-series products are constrained to 25 m resolution, hindering precise delineation of boundaries, small patches, and internal structures, thus compromising area estimates and ecological assessments. Key barriers are the paucity of historical high-resolution imagery and high-quality labeled samples. To this end, we developed the Sub-meter Mangrove Transfer Learning Mapping [...]
A Rapid Analytical Method for Predicting Injection Rates in Heterogeneous Reservoirs
Published: 2025-12-16
Subjects: Engineering
Maximum injection rate is a key criterion when screening subsurface hydrocarbon reservoirs or aquifers for possible EOR schemes or storage of hydrocarbon gas, hydrogen or carbon dioxide. It has to be high enough to achieve desired rates without risking the formation fracturing. Screening requires evaluation of thousands or millions of potential injection sites to identify those with favourable [...]
Gutenberg-Richter-type earthquake size distributions: maximum likelihood estimation, unbiased estimation, and Bayesian forecasting
Published: 2025-12-18
Subjects: Geophysics and Seismology
Characterizing earthquake size distributions using the Gutenberg-Richter (GR) law is ubiquitous in seismology. According to the GR law, earthquake magnitudes follow an exponential distribution, with a rate parameter commonly represented by the b-value. For many applications, including seismic hazard and risk assessment, estimating the b-value is therefore a common procedure. However, the [...]
Heat stress as an emerging constraint on global dairy systems: global gridded CMIP6 projections and national-scale milk loss exposure
Published: 2025-12-17
Subjects: Agriculture, Animal Sciences
Dairy production is a key component of global food systems, providing essential nutrients and supporting rural livelihoods, but it is increasingly exposed to heat stress under climate change. Here, we present a spatially explicit global assessment of heat-stress exposure and potential milk-yield losses using bias-corrected CMIP6 climate projections at 0.25° resolution combined with gridded [...]
Resource expansion with uncertainty quantification of regolith-hosted REE deposits using radiometric data
Published: 2025-12-17
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Statistics and Probability
Rare earth elements (REE) are critical raw materials due to their essential role in modern technologies. In regolith-hosted REE (RH-REE) deposits a substantial fraction of the REE is present as ionically adsorbed, exchangeable cations on secondary clay minerals and amenable to mild extraction routes potentially being less environmentally disruptive than conventional hard-rock REE operations. [...]
A rock-ice avalanche and the 2026 Bhote Koshi-Trishuli flood, Nepal
Published: 2026-09-06
Subjects: Earth Sciences
On 26 August 2026 a rock-ice avalanche in the Langtang Himal produced a debris flow and flood that destroyed the Rasuwagadhi-Gyirong border crossing within minutes and reached Devghat about six hours later. We reconstruct the cascade with a depth-averaged mixture-flow model constrained by the seismic origin time, a CCTV frame, gauge outages in the gorge and downstream stage records. The model [...]
South Atlantic abyssal temperature variability and trends at 34.5°S
Published: 2025-12-16
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Warming of abyssal waters in the South Atlantic has been reported in recent years. However, the variability of bottom temperatures and its implications for assessing linear trends have received limited attention. In addition to confirming positive temperature trends, this study documents substantial bottom-temperature variability, from tidal to annual time scales, captured by bottom moorings [...]
The impact of extreme temperatures on respiratory mortality in Brazil: evaluating regional adaptations to different thermal environments
Published: 2025-12-19
Subjects: Public Health
We conducted a nationwide ecological time-series study to quantify the association between ambient temperature and respiratory mortality across Brazil's diverse climates. Using data from 520 municipalities (population ≥50,000) from 2010 to 2020, we analysed 1,008,157 respiratory deaths (ICD-10 J00–J99) using distributed-lag non-linear models (lags 0–21 days) with quasi-Poisson regression, [...]
Regional Characterization of Coal Resources in the U.S. Gulf Coast
Published: 2025-12-19
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
There is increasing interest in extracting critical minerals (CM), including rare earth elements (REE), from coals in the United States to address the overreliance on imported REE. The U.S. Gulf Coast and the Williston basins are the two major lignite-bearing basins within the country. Recent REE and CM studies of the lignite in these basins have indicated that the coals may be a viable source [...]
How Robust are Single Aliquot Regeneration paleo-doses using single grains of Quartz: The role of change in luminescence sensitivity during the measurement of natural luminescence
Published: 2025-12-18
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Environmental Sciences, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Luminescence dating using quartz is generally carried out using the single aliquot regeneration (SAR) protocol (Murray et al., 2021; Murray and Wintle, 2000). Singhvi et al. (2011) suggested a methodological improvement in the SAR protocol to account for the changes in the luminescence sensitivity during the readout of natural OSL signal. It was suggested that such changes are common and if not [...]
Tidally-Driven Diapycnal Upwelling in a Rough Sloping Canyon
Published: 2025-12-18
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Turbulent mixing over rough topography shapes abyssal ocean dynamics, yet a gap between large- and small-scale models underscores the need to connect processes across scales. Using three-dimensional large eddy simulations (LES) with quasi-realistic sloping topography from a Brazil Basin canyon, we force an ocean model solely with a barotropic M2 tide body force, allowing internal waves, [...]
A review on ice-cores from temperate glaciers: processes, signal preservation, and paleoclimatic significance
Published: 2025-12-18
Subjects: Earth Sciences
Temperate glaciers, characterized by ice at the pressure melting point and the coexistence of solid and liquid water, are generally considered unsuitable as natural archives because meltwater undermines the paleoclimatic signals they hold. Historically, ice-core studies have favoured cold glaciers. However, the ongoing atmospheric warming is driving many formerly cold portions of glaciers toward [...]
Adapting Caspian Sea ports to climate-induced water level declines: The case of Aktau
Published: 2025-12-19
Subjects: Civil and Environmental Engineering
The Caspian Sea is the world's largest inland body of water. It is critical for regional trade through the Trans-Caspian International Transport Route (TITR), which links South-East Asia and China to Europe. Aktau Port in Kazakhstan is strategically important, located on key international transport routes like the TITR. Over the past 30 years, the Caspian Sea’s water levels have dropped from [...]
Ocean warming and acidification alter larval development and swimming behavior in the Atlantic sea scallop, Placopecten magellanicus
Published: 2026-09-10
Subjects: Animal Sciences, Biology, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Life Sciences, Marine Biology
Ocean warming (OW) and ocean acidification (OA) are expected to have wide-ranging consequences for populations in marine systems caused by organism-level responses at a range of life history stages, including early larval stages. The Atlantic sea scallop, Placopecten magellanicus, is an economically important bivalve species that may be vulnerable to ocean change, but larval responses remain [...]
Spatial Clustering and Reservoir Analysis: An Expert-Guided Synergy Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) Machine Learning Technique on Volve and Norne Fields
Published: 2025-12-23
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Engineering, Geology, Geotechnical Engineering, Other Earth Sciences, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Sedimentology
This study introduces an expert-guided application for clustering production wells using Machine Learning (ML), focusing on the Volve and Norne Field datasets to optimise reservoir analysis and decision-making. The Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) algorithm was employed for clustering and further enhanced by spatial visualisation through Voronoi polygons on topographic maps. The study presents a [...]