Preprints
There are 6976 Preprints listed.
Regional Characterization of Coal Resources in the U.S. Gulf Coast
Published: 2025-12-19
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
There is increasing interest in extracting critical minerals (CM), including rare earth elements (REE), from coals in the United States to address the overreliance on imported REE. The U.S. Gulf Coast and the Williston basins are the two major lignite-bearing basins within the country. Recent REE and CM studies of the lignite in these basins have indicated that the coals may be a viable source [...]
El Niño amplified food insecurity in early modern Europe
Published: 2025-12-18
Subjects: Social and Behavioral Sciences
The El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a dominant source of global inter annual climate variability, yet its long-term influence on food security remains poorly understood. Drawing on a recently compiled dataset of 160 European famines and a new high-resolution ENSO reconstruction, we show a robust correspondence between positive ENSO anomalies (El Niño events) and subsistence crises during [...]
How Robust are Single Aliquot Regeneration paleo-doses using single grains of Quartz: The role of change in luminescence sensitivity during the measurement of natural luminescence
Published: 2025-12-18
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Environmental Sciences, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Luminescence dating using quartz is generally carried out using the single aliquot regeneration (SAR) protocol (Murray et al., 2021; Murray and Wintle, 2000). Singhvi et al. (2011) suggested a methodological improvement in the SAR protocol to account for the changes in the luminescence sensitivity during the readout of natural OSL signal. It was suggested that such changes are common and if not [...]
Tidally-Driven Diapycnal Upwelling in a Rough Sloping Canyon
Published: 2025-12-18
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Turbulent mixing over rough topography shapes abyssal ocean dynamics, yet a gap between large- and small-scale models underscores the need to connect processes across scales. Using three-dimensional large eddy simulations (LES) with quasi-realistic sloping topography from a Brazil Basin canyon, we force an ocean model solely with a barotropic M2 tide body force, allowing internal waves, [...]
A review on ice-cores from temperate glaciers: processes, signal preservation, and paleoclimatic significance
Published: 2025-12-18
Subjects: Earth Sciences
Temperate glaciers, characterized by ice at the pressure melting point and the coexistence of solid and liquid water, are generally considered unsuitable as natural archives because meltwater undermines the paleoclimatic signals they hold. Historically, ice-core studies have favoured cold glaciers. However, the ongoing atmospheric warming is driving many formerly cold portions of glaciers toward [...]
Adapting Caspian Sea ports to climate-induced water level declines: The case of Aktau
Published: 2025-12-19
Subjects: Civil and Environmental Engineering
The Caspian Sea is the world's largest inland body of water. It is critical for regional trade through the Trans-Caspian International Transport Route (TITR), which links South-East Asia and China to Europe. Aktau Port in Kazakhstan is strategically important, located on key international transport routes like the TITR. Over the past 30 years, the Caspian Sea’s water levels have dropped from [...]
TiMEpy: A Python Package for Analyzing Tidal Modulation of Fast and Slow Earthquakes
Published: 2026-05-09
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Geophysics and Seismology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Due to interactions between the solid Earth and tidal forces, the crust experiences continuous stress perturbations. Understanding how earthquakes respond to tidal stresses provides unique insights into the mechanisms governing earthquake nucleation. Here, we present TiMEpy, an open-source Python package designed to detect tidal modulation in both fast and slow earthquakes. TiMEpy includes [...]
Explainable Machine Learning for Wheat Biomass Integrating Sentinel-1/2, PlanetScope and In-Situ Weather Data
Published: 2025-12-19
Subjects: Agriculture, Life Sciences
Global food security faces increasing challenges from climate change, making accurate monitoring of essential crops like wheat (Triticum aestivum) critical. This research introduces an explainable machine learning (ML) framework to estimate and forecast wheat above-ground biomass (AGB) in central Chile across the 2020–2023 growing seasons. The study uses a two-stage approach: first, in-season AGB [...]
Spatial Clustering and Reservoir Analysis: An Expert-Guided Synergy Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) Machine Learning Technique on Volve and Norne Fields
Published: 2025-12-23
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Engineering, Geology, Geotechnical Engineering, Other Earth Sciences, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Sedimentology
This study introduces an expert-guided application for clustering production wells using Machine Learning (ML), focusing on the Volve and Norne Field datasets to optimise reservoir analysis and decision-making. The Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) algorithm was employed for clustering and further enhanced by spatial visualisation through Voronoi polygons on topographic maps. The study presents a [...]
Spatio-temporal accessibility modelling with mobile and GTFS data: Insights from Helsinki
Published: 2025-12-22
Subjects: Social and Behavioral Sciences
This paper presents a spatially explicit method for evaluating urban accessibility using anonymised mobile phone origin-destination data combined with GTFS-based public transport travel times. Focusing on the Helsinki Capital Region, we apply cumulative and potential accessibility metrics across multiple transport modes to assess spatial and temporal variation in mobility patterns. The [...]
HydroVerse Education: An AI-Assisted Education Framework for Immersive Learning and Training Environments
Published: 2025-12-22
Subjects: Adult and Continuing Education, Computer Engineering, Educational Methods, Engineering Education, Environmental Education, Environmental Engineering, Environmental Sciences
Hydroinformatics education has traditionally been constrained by pedagogical approaches that fail to adequately convey the complexity of water systems. Virtual Reality (VR) presents a transformative solution by enabling interactive and experiential learning. This study introduces HydroVerse Education, an immersive virtual classroom environment designed to modernize hydroinformatics education by [...]
Assessing the effects of restoration and conservation on gaseous carbon fluxes and climate mitigation capacity across six European coastal wetlands
Published: 2025-12-23
Subjects: Biogeochemistry, Climate, Earth Sciences, Fresh Water Studies
Coastal wetlands play a substantial role in regulating Earth’s climate through exchanges of greenhouse gases (GHGs). Current European policies promote widespread coastal wetland restoration to reverse historical losses and ongoing pressures. However, substantial uncertainty remains regarding how CO₂ and CH₄ fluxes respond to restoration across different coastal wetland types and whether these [...]
Pyrogeography of extraordinary wildfires
Published: 2025-12-23
Subjects: Earth Sciences
Extraordinary wildfires – defined by anomalous fire behaviour, physical attributes, paleo-ecological context, spatiotemporal scales, or consequences – have emerged as defining features of the global wildfire crisis. Extraordinary wildfires have profound impacts on ecosystems, climate, air quality, and human societies. In this Review, we characterise key dimensions of extraordinary wildfires, [...]
DYCOVE: A Python package for coupling dynamic vegetation processes with hydro-morphodynamic models
Published: 2025-12-23
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Vegetation growth in coastal environments plays an important role in shaping coastal morphology (Kirwan et al., 2016; Kleinhans et al., 2018; Mariotti & Fagherazzi, 2010; Schwarz et al., 2018; Temmerman et al., 2005, 2007). Hydrodynamic and morphodynamic (numerical) models are used widely for understanding the processes that impact coastal systems, and they inform management strategies for [...]
Climate mitigation benefits emerge within a decade
Published: 2025-12-23
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Discernible differences in global climate responses under varying greenhouse gas emission scenarios are commonly assumed to emerge only after 20 to 30 years. Here we show that mitigation benefits are detectable within a decade (9±6 years) over the global land area when high-resolution gridded climate data are analysed with a machine learning approach. By retaining spatial information, we uncover [...]