Preprints
There are 8005 Preprints listed.
Drilled petit-spot basalts reveal asthenospheric mantle heterogeneity before subduction
Published: 2026-10-09
Subjects: Geochemistry, Geology
Submarine petit-spot volcanoes form where oceanic plates bend and flex before sinking into subduction zones, providing a rare opportunity to sample mantle-derived melts before subduction. Here we report results from the first scientific drilling of a sediment-buried petit-spot volcano during International Ocean Drilling Programme Expedition 502, recovering basalts from a previously inaccessible [...]
Idealized Earth system model analysis of the primary controls on shallow seafloor oxygenation
Published: 2026-10-09
Subjects: Earth Sciences
Key components of the Earth system, including climate, atmospheric oxygen, the strength of the biological pump, and continental configuration, have varied substantially through time. How these factors might have interacted to shape the evolution of marine life—particularly the availability of viable animal habitat—remains unclear. Here, we apply an Earth system model to investigate how tectonic [...]
A Structured Inference Framework for Spatial Hydrological Monitoring Networks
Published: 2026-10-09
Subjects: Civil Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Hydraulic Engineering
Regional hydrologic and environmental inference relies on spatial monitoring networks exhibiting dependence, heterogeneity, and evolving behavior. Many regional analyses apply statistical methods in isolation, with limited structure governing when pooling, spatial modeling, or non‑stationary inference is admissible. This study presents HyMES Regional, a structured inference framework that [...]
Tectonic history of East Asia and the Asiana hypothesis
Published: 2026-10-09
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
When almost all continents were assembled in the late Paleozoic supercontinent Pangea, East Asian continental blocks existed as distinct, separate entities. Ocean closures and stepwise assembly of these blocks into larger continents were the main paleogeographic changes to influence paleoclimate and biogeography during Pangea time. In this Perspective, we review how Triassic assembly of the East [...]
The Spatial Journey: A Visual Narrative of the Keffi to Makurdi Field Trip
Published: 2026-10-08
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Education, Environmental Education, Environmental Sciences, Environmental Studies, Geographic Information Sciences, Geography, Outdoor Education, Physical and Environmental Geography, Spatial Science
Background: Field-based education is a critical academic component in geographical studies, designed to bridge theoretical knowledge with empirical observation. This paper reports on the development of a visual and interactive geospatial narrative based on a five-day geography educational field trip from Keffi to Makurdi, Nigeria, from the 26th to the 30th of August 2024. Objective: The primary [...]
Understanding Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Urban Water Bodies via Multi-Classifier Machine Learning Approaches in Semi-Arid Ahmedabad City
Published: 2026-10-08
Subjects: Environmental Engineering, Hydrology, Remote Sensing, Spatial Science, Water Resource Management
The research examines the spatiotemporal change of water bodies in Ahmedabad city in western part of India which is a rapidly urbanizing area. It integrates high-resolution remote sensing data with modern machine learning approaches. Understanding the long-term pattern is crucial to understanding and managing the water resources in the changing climate, also city experiences the low precipitation [...]
When and why does CO2 mineralization in basalts stall? A critical review of microscale passivation, pore-clogging mechanisms and the multiscale imaging needed to resolve them
Published: 2026-10-08
Subjects: Geochemistry, Geology
In-situ CO2 mineralization in basalts is among the most secure forms of geological carbon storage. Field pilots report rapid mineralization and, where monitored, stable injectivity, yet many laboratory experiments show that carbonation slows or stops long before the reactive cation inventory of the rock is consumed. We synthesise four field pilots (CarbFix1, CarbFix2, Wallula, Jizan) and 37 [...]
A rheology for temperate ice in glaciers (RTIG) based on borehole deformation experiments
Published: 2026-10-08
Subjects: Earth Sciences
The rheology of temperate glacier ice, which contains small amounts of liquid water, largely controls the fast dynamics of glaciers and polar ice streams. Recent laboratory experiments suggest a constant-viscosity ice rheology when the water content between ice grains exceeds 0.6%. Such a linear flow law, where the deformation rate is proportional to the applied stress, is in contrast to the [...]
An Idealized Model of Matrix Storage and the Tidal Response of Coastal Aquifers
Published: 2026-10-08
Subjects: Hydrology, Numerical Analysis and Computation, Oceanography, Partial Differential Equations
Tides entering a coastal aquifer weaken and lag the sea as they travel inland, and classical theory requires the two rates to be equal. Field records often show the amplitude decaying faster than the phase lag grows, which is usually attributed to geometry or leakage. We examine a third mechanism, the exchange of water between a conduit network and the matrix blocks it surrounds, and ask when [...]
A multi-scale framework for selecting CO2 storage sites in oil and gas reservoirs Multi-scale framework for CO2 storage site selection in oil and gas reservoirs
Published: 2026-10-07
Subjects: Other Engineering
Quantified screening of sites for CO2 geological storage is fundamental to ensuring both the economic viability and safety of CO2 sequestration. However, existing site selection methodologies—domestically and internationally—predominantly rely on qualitative approaches. The operational indicators for storage site selection remain incomplete and lack comprehensive quantitative characterizations. [...]
Temporal Synchronization Determines the Accuracy of Sentinel-2 Turbidity Retrieval: Evidence from Community-Based Monitoring of the Buriganga River, Dhaka
Published: 2026-10-07
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Environmental Sciences, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Community-based environmental organizations require continuous water quality data but are constrained by the cost and labor of physical sampling. Satellite remote sensing offers a free alternative, yet validation studies of inland waters frequently report weak agreement between satellite indices and ground measurements, and the cause of that disagreement is rarely isolated. This study analyzed 28 [...]
Segmenting submarine boulders with Random Forest and nnU-Net: from bathymetric rasters to survey-scale size distributions
Published: 2026-10-07
Subjects: Earth Sciences
In the soft-bottom-dominated southern Baltic Sea, geogenic hard substrates are biodiversity hotspots. The lack of open-source, pixel-level segmentation approaches for boulders in MBES data has made it difficult to advance the ecological understanding of boulder fields in the Baltic Sea. This study developed and evaluated two segmentation approaches. A deep learning model (nnU-Net) and a classical [...]
An Idealized Model of Buoyant Gas Spreading and Silt Release beneath Rough Cave Ceilings
Published: 2026-10-07
Subjects: Fluid Dynamics, Hydrology, Partial Differential Equations, Sedimentology, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics
Gas exhaled by open-circuit divers collects under the ceilings of submerged caves, migrates along the rock, and dislodges loose silt that then falls through the passage, a process that cave divers call percolation. This study develops an idealized model of the process. Buoyant gas under a self-affine rough ceiling is treated as a quasi-static sequence of pools that fill to their spill points, [...]
Lunar South Pole Resource Prospectivity: A Multi- Instrument Framework and a Testable Model for Heterogeneous Volatile Emplacement
Published: 2026-10-06
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Water ice and other volatiles in lunar south-polar permanently shadowed regions (PSRs) are established exploration targets, but their abundance, geometry, continuity, and depth distribution remain incompletely constrained. We present a physically informed, AI-assisted framework integrating neutron-derived hydrogen abundance, Diviner thermal stability, radar circular polarization ratio (CPR), [...]
Bottom-up estimation of CO2 emissions from container ships: a proof of concept using real operational data on the Brazil–Asia route
Published: 2026-10-06
Subjects: Sustainability
Granular quantification of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from maritime transport matters both for the assessment of decarbonisation strategies and for the attribution of the carbon footprint to logistics flows. This study proposes a bottom up approach that integrates operational reconstruction of the voyage, physical–energy modelling, Tank-to-Wake (TTW) and Well-to-Wake (WTW) assessment, and [...]