Preprints
There are 5647 Preprints listed.
Warm deep ocean temperatures from clumped isotopes suggest high climate sensitivity in early Cenozoic hothouse
Published: 2025-03-19
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Geochemistry
The early Cenozoic was characterized by the warmest climates and highest atmospheric CO2 levels of the past 85 Myrs. Reconstructions of deep ocean temperatures based on benthic foraminiferal oxygen isotope records are typically used to infer Earth’s global climate state during this hothouse world. However, this approach requires uncertain assumptions, regarding the seawater isotope composition [...]
Resolved tropical cyclones trigger CO2 uptake and phytoplankton bloom in an Earth system model simulation
Published: 2025-03-18
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology
The ocean carbon cycle is directly impacted by storms in the atmosphere. Tropical cyclones (TCs), particularly, are known to drive intense air-sea CO2 fluxes and to trigger phytoplankton blooms. However, the latest generation of Earth system models (ESM) cannot realistically represent TCs due to their coarse spatial resolution (typically 100-200 km grid spacing). Here, we present the first [...]
Physically consistent sectoral pathways for phasing out fossil fuels
Published: 2025-03-18
Subjects: Engineering, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
The transition away from fossil fuels relies on electricity-producing renewable energy sources. To understand how much electricity is needed to substitute fossil fuels, sectors of the economy being electrified must be analysed discretely, as their suitability for electrification varies significantly. Constructing, operating, and maintaining these renewable power plants requires substantial [...]
Large reductions in United States heat extremes found in overshoot simulations with SPEAR
Published: 2025-03-18
Subjects: Atmospheric Sciences, Climate, Meteorology, Oceanography, Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology, Other Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Increases in the intensity and frequency of heatwaves are already evident in the observational record, and these increases are expected to be further amplified in future climate projections with greater radiative forcing. However, it is unclear how temperature extremes will respond regionally to emissions reductions and declines of greenhouse gases later in the 21st century, such as through the [...]
An Enhanced Deep-Learning Catalog of the Mw 8.8 Maule Aftershock Sequence
Published: 2025-03-17
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
We re-examine the aftershock sequence of the Mw 8.8 Maule earthquake in south-central Chile using deep learning on 10 months of continuous seismic data from 156 temporary stations along the rupture zone (March 2010–March 2011). By integrating back-projection and matched filtering with PhaseNet (a deep-learning phase picker), we initially identify 99,137 earthquakes. We then relocate these events [...]
City-Scale Digital Twin Framework for Flood Impact Analysis: Integrating Urban Infrastructure and Real-time Data Analytics
Published: 2025-03-17
Subjects: Computer Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Risk Analysis, Transportation Engineering
Urban areas are increasingly vulnerable to flooding due to climate change and rapid urbanization. Traditional mapping and decision-support tools lack the capability to integrate real-time data or analyze cascading disruptions across interconnected urban systems. Digital twins offer a promising solution by enabling real-time monitoring, simulation, and optimization of urban environments. This [...]
Interactive annular mode links jet stream-ocean coupling to decadal Northern Hemispheric warmth
Published: 2025-03-17
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
The atmospheric jet stream governs the distribution and intensity of midlatitude weather systems and climate variability. In the Northern Hemisphere, meridional migrations of the jet stream are directly linked to the frequency and magnitude of extreme weather events. While previous studies have established that jet stream fluctuations are modulated by spatio-temporal variations in diabatic [...]
Origin of the Harappan Ernestites: Fabrication and Raw Materials
Published: 2025-03-17
Subjects: Geochemistry, Geology, Other Earth Sciences
Significant developments in stone bead technology in South Asia, including drilling techniques, happened during the Harappan civilization. Among the stone drill bits used for bead making, long and constricted cylindrical drill bits made from a unique stone named Ernestite were exclusive to the Harappan civilization. Most Ernestites have been discovered in the Harappan cities in Gujarat, India. [...]
Orogenic architecture diagrams to reconstruct paleogeography and plate tectonics: Newfoundland (Canada) as a case study
Published: 2025-03-17
Subjects: Geology, Tectonics and Structure
Reconstructing paleogeography from accretionary records is challenging due to the difficulty of integrating data sources from different specialized fields. Here, we present the ‘orogenic architecture diagram’ method to systematically compile geological data in temporal and spatial context at the scale of nappes - the ‘building blocks’ of orogens - and to use their interpreted geological histories [...]
A Data-Driven Method for Improving Historical Maps' Positional Accuracy
Published: 2025-03-16
Subjects: Engineering, Geographic Information Sciences, Geography, Other Engineering
Positional accuracy improvement (PAI) of historical maps involves correcting their inherent geometric distortions, which often limit their usability in modern applications. Although resurveying an entire map provides the most accurate solution for PAI, it is costly, time-consuming, and often impossible. This study proposes a cost-effective, alternative data-driven method, using Generalized [...]
Towards HydroLLM: A Benchmark Dataset for Hydrology-Specific Knowledge Assessment for Large Language Models
Published: 2025-03-15
Subjects: Environmental Engineering
The rapid advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs) has enabled their integration into a wide range of scientific disciplines. This paper introduces a comprehensive benchmark dataset specifically designed for testing recent large language models in hydrology domain. Leveraging a collection of research articles and hydrology textbook, we generated a wide array of hydrology-specific questions in [...]
Reflections on the first State of the Map Conference in Malawi
Published: 2025-03-15
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Geographic Information Sciences, Remote Sensing, Spatial Science
State of the Map (SotM) conferences are important events that enable OpenStreetMap (OSM) contributors and users to present and discuss their work. However, when international SotM conferences are held in the Global North countries, participation by African geospatial scientists is not guaranteed due to various barriers, including travel costs and visa restrictions. Conversely, locally held SotM [...]
How to deal w___ missing input data
Published: 2025-03-14
Subjects: Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, Hydrology, Water Resource Management
Deep learning hydrologic models have made their way from research to applications. More and more national hydrometeorological agencies, hydro power operators, and engineering consulting companies are building Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) models for operational use cases. All of these efforts come across similar sets of challenges—challenges that are different from those in controlled scientific [...]
Understanding Flood Risk in Public Transit Systems: Insights from Accessibility and Vulnerability Analysis in Iowa
Published: 2025-03-14
Subjects: Civil and Environmental Engineering, Civil Engineering, Engineering, Geographic Information Sciences, Geography, Operations Research, Systems Engineering and Industrial Engineering, Risk Analysis, Spatial Science, Transportation Engineering
Flooding is a major challenge for urban transportation systems, hindering access to essential services and jobs, especially for vulnerable populations. This study examines the impact of large flood extents on public transportation in Johnson and Linn counties, Iowa, United States, focusing on flood-prone bus routes, reduced service frequency, and access to job locations. Using Geographic [...]
Embracing Large Language Model (LLM) Technologies in Hydrology Research
Published: 2025-03-14
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Hydrology
The growing complexity of hydrological systems necessitates innovative approaches to data management, knowledge management, and model development. Large Language Models (LLMs) have great potential to revolutionize hydrological research by unifying and advancing these three critical aspects. In this perspective work, we review recent advances and applications of LLMs and exemplify using LLMs in [...]