Preprints
There are 6434 Preprints listed.
Uncertainty in aquatic greenhouse gas flux estimates arises from subjective processing of floating chamber time series
Published: 2025-12-10
Subjects: Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecology
Accurate quantification of greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes from aquatic systems is essential for constraining regional and global carbon budgets. Closed floating chambers are widely used to measure carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) fluxes at the water–air interface, yet large uncertainties persist due to subjective processing of chamber time series. In particular, the treatment of non-linear [...]
Multi-Planar Hierarchy in Pan-American Seismic Fractality: A Bayesian Resolution to the Projection Paradox
Published: 2025-12-10
Subjects: Applied Statistics, Earth Sciences, Geophysics and Seismology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Statistics and Probability
Earthquake catalogs worldwide exhibit an enduring paradox: seismicity appears confined to planar faults (correlation dimension D2≈ 2.0), yet operates within volumetric lithospheric deformation. We resolve this paradox through Bayesian fractal analysis of 50,010 earthquakes across seven Pan-American tectonic regimes (2010–2025), revealing that apparent planarity reflects instrumental projection [...]
Directional Centroid Trajectories Reveal Shifting Fire Activity Across Brazilian Biomes
Published: 2025-12-10
Subjects: Life Sciences
We utilized directional centroid trajectories to examine how Brazil’s fire regimes in natural vegetation and anthropogenic land use have spatially reorganized over the last four decades. Annual area-weighted centroids were derived separately for natural and anthropogenic burned patches from the MapBiomas Fire Collection 4 (1985–2024), and their interannual displacements were quantified using [...]
Seasonal Wind Turbine-Associated Lightning in Central Europe
Published: 2025-12-10
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
We report systematic evidence that cold-season lightning in Central Eu- rope frequently occurs in close proximity to wind turbines. Using Blitzor- tung stroke data (2021–2024), ENTLN data (2023), and electric field mea- surements, we identify a recurring phenomenon - Seasonal Wind Turbine- Associated Lightning (SWAL), characterised by strokes clustering within proximity of wind turbines and [...]
The role of the Hikurangi subduction interface in enabling Kaikōura-like earthquakes: Insights from synthetic earthquake catalogues
Published: 2025-12-09
Subjects: Geophysics and Seismology, Tectonics and Structure
A well-known problem in seismic hazard is the short duration of the historical record relative to the time between large earthquakes. This short record means that not all possible earthquakes have been observed, and that the statistics of earthquake recurrence intervals and magnitudes are poorly constrained. These issues are particularly acute for earthquakes involving multiple faults, such as [...]
From Empirical Curves to AI-Derived Rainfall Thresholds for Landslide Initiation in Peninsular Malaysia
Published: 2025-12-09
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Rainfall-induced landslides are a persistent hazard in Malaysia, yet existing rainfall thresholds remain largely based on empirical methods and often lack regional adaptability. This study employs machine learning (ML) based rainfall thresholds for landslide initiation in Peninsular Malaysia. A dataset of rainfall events from 70 rainfall stations across peninsular Malaysia linked with documented [...]
Subduction-driven mantle flow beneath and around the Philippine Sea Plate from seismic anisotropy
Published: 2025-12-09
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Shear-wave splitting illuminates mantle flow and subduction zone dynamics but is typically inferred near stations or earthquakes, limiting studies in sparsely instrumented regions away from earthquakes. Where stations or earthquakes are present, fast splitting directions are often parallel to the nearest trench, which has yet to be fully understood and reconciled with geodynamic flow predictions. [...]
Earth Embeddings: Towards AI-centric Representations of our Planet
Published: 2025-12-09
Subjects: Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, Earth Sciences, Environmental Sciences
This paper presents a new perspective for the flexible and efficient representation of geospatial data, tailored to and empowered by AI: Earth embeddings. Earth embeddings provide a unified and accessible vector representation of local geographic characteristics. They fuse different geospatial data sources across time and space, compress highly-correlated raw geospatial data into one dense [...]
A Himalayan-Scale Orogen in the Central African Copperbelt and the Formation of a World-Class Metal Province.
Published: 2025-12-08
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Geology, Tectonics and Structure
The Central African Copperbelt (CACB) of Zambia and the Democratic Republic of the Congo is the world’s largest sediment-hosted copper-cobalt province. It comprises Tonian–Ediacaran sedimentary rocks of the Katangan Basin and Ediacaran–Cambrian metamorphic and intrusive rocks formed during the assembly of Gondwana. The age distribution of metal deposits within the CACB peaks during the orogeny, [...]
Dynamics, interactions and delays of the 2019 Ridgecrest rupture sequence
Published: 2025-12-08
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
The observational difficulties and the complexity of earthquake physics have rendered seismic hazard assessment largely empirical. Despite increasingly high-quality geodetic, seismic and field observations, data-driven earthquake imaging yields stark differences and physics-based models explaining all observed dynamic complexities are elusive. Here we present data-assimilated three-dimensional [...]
Shelf invading low oxygen waters control Cenozoic organic carbon burial rates
Published: 2025-12-06
Subjects: Earth Sciences
The thermostatic mechanisms of Earth’s persistent habitability are far from resolved. High resolution C isotope records, with P accumulation and coarse fraction I/Ca over the Cenozoic, allow the recalculation and assessment of controls on the global proportional flux of organic carbon burial, a regulator of atmospheric CO2 and O2. Proportional Corg burial was suppressed during the hothouse of the [...]
ShallowLandslider: a physics-based component for predicting regional distributions of coseismic landslides
Published: 2025-12-06
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Geology, Geomorphology
Earthquakes can trigger thousands of shallow landslides across mountainous terrain, reshaping landscapes and posing severe hazards. Predicting their spatial distribution remains challenging because most existing models are empirical, event-specific, and lack physical interpretability. We introduce ShallowLandslider, a physics-based component within the open-source Landlab framework for regional [...]
Analysis of Water Point Management and Maintenance Systems in Tropical Environments: Case Study of Okola Municipality (Cameroon, Central Africa)
Published: 2025-12-06
Subjects: Civil and Environmental Engineering
Rural water infrastructure sustainability in Sub-Saharan Africa is significantly hindered by weak management and maintenance systems. This study assessed water point governance in Okola Municipality, Cameroon, to identify factors affecting infrastructure sustainability and evaluate maintenance practices. Using a mixed-methods approach—field observations, household surveys (n = 80), and interviews [...]
Sequential Efficacy of Information for Optimized Geophysical and Drilling Strategies in Mineral Exploration
Published: 2025-12-05
Subjects: Applied Statistics, Geophysics and Seismology, Mining Engineering
The global energy transition has created an urgent need for expanded critical mineral supply. Projected production from existing deposits and current discovery rates remains insufficient to meet this demand. More efficient exploration strategies are therefore required, particularly in optimizing costly and low-success data acquisition campaigns. To address this challenge, we introduce the concept [...]
Large-scale flow toward low-velocity anomalies reconciles seismic and geodynamic constraints in the deepest mantle beneath Alaska
Published: 2025-12-05
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Deep mantle downwellings are typically located away from the two Large Low-Velocity Provinces (LLVPs) in Earth's mantle. Geodynamic models based on global seismic tomography generally predict that convective flow at the core-mantle boundary (CMB) spreads laterally away from downwelling regions and towards LLVPs. While this offers a framework for understanding large-scale deformation in the [...]