Preprints
There are 7999 Preprints listed.
swmm-breach: Probabilistic dam-breach hydrograph forecasting integrated with EPA SWMM and PCSWMM
Published: 2026-05-13
Subjects: Hydraulic Engineering, Hydrology
The U.S. EPA Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) and its commercial extension PCSWMM are among the most widely deployed open-source urban-hydrology engines worldwide, but neither provides a native facility for simulating embankment-dam, detention-basin, or lagoon failure. Practitioners working on dam-adjacent SWMM models typically generate a breach hydrograph in HEC-RAS, losing their SWMM network [...]
A comprehensive study of the CO2-O2 isotope exchange technique to standardize triple oxygen measurements in CO2
Published: 2026-05-05
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Geochemistry
Geometrical Variations of the Skeletal Structures of Genus Pantanellium as Determined from Collected Specimens
Published: 2026-05-20
Subjects: Paleontology
Novel graph and string representations of the cortical shell structures of the genus Pantanellium, a Mesozoic radiolarian, are proposed. The representations are then used to compare the frame structures of fifty-nine specimens collected for the study. Among the fifty-nine fossil specimens, forty-seven different structures were found. It was also found that the frequency of the truncated [...]
Predictive performance of wildfire structure exposure modeling in the western US
Published: 2026-05-05
Subjects: Environmental Sciences
As development expands and extreme wildfire events worsen, people and property are increasingly exposed to wildfire hazards, necessitating comprehensive and accurate community and structure risk assessment tools. A variety of modeling frameworks and indices have been applied to support community wildfire planning, but few have been evaluated against subsequent fire events, which is a key gap for [...]
Sensing the dynamic nature of fragmented croplands in India through earth observation: a comprehensive review
Published: 2024-11-09
Subjects: Agriculture, Earth Sciences, Environmental Sciences, Food Science, Geography, Nature and Society Relations, Physical and Environmental Geography, Remote Sensing, Spatial Science
Fragmentation or the breakdown of landholdings to smaller parcels has an adverse impact on crop yields and productivity because of its uneconomic operational sizes. This comprehensive review reflects the insights into the complex dynamics of small landholding (SLs) in India by leveraging earth observation (EO) based sensing technology through synthesizing existing literature, methodologies and [...]
Ground Motion Model Incorporating Azimuthal Dependence on Topographic Effects in Japan
Published: 2026-07-02
Subjects: Engineering
Conventional topographic terms in ground motion models (GMMs) typically characterize topographic effects using site-specific parameters such as relative elevation, curvature, or slope. This study demonstrates that topographic response is influenced by source-to-site geometry, specifically the incidence direction with respect to the slope aspect. Utilizing 15,189 records from 641 Kiban–Kyoshin [...]
Settling and Rising Dynamics of River Litter
Published: 2026-04-22
Subjects: Engineering, Life Sciences, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Global assessments of river litter transport, accumulation, and export to the oceans remain constrained because the particle-scale hydrodynamic variables governing litter movement are currently unknown. We resolve this by explaining the vertical dynamics of full-scale river litter in quiescent water through multi-camera, three-dimensional trajectory reconstructions of over a thousand litter items [...]
Forecasting Lives Lost to Climate Change
Published: 2026-05-26
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
This review synthesises empirical evidence linking global mean surface temperature to climate mortality through undernourishment, heat, extreme events, conflict, and disease, and introduces an exploratory precautionary metric: cumulative climate-related deaths per cumulative megatonne of greenhouse gas emissions (CO₂-e), intended to support policy evaluation under deep uncertainty. Using observed [...]
Drying summers threaten western North American river ecosystems and a keystone migratory fish
Published: 2026-05-14
Subjects: Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Hydrology, Water Resource Management
Climate change threatens river ecosystems by altering the seasonal streamflow patterns to which aquatic species have adapted, including keystone species like Chinook salmon in western North America. Chinook salmon display diverse life-history adaptations to local hydrologic regimes, contributing to their past resilience but leaving locally adapted populations vulnerable to changing conditions. [...]
A research roadmap for assessing the feasibility of warming Mars
Published: 2026-05-04
Subjects: Astrophysics and Astronomy, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Earth Sciences, Planetary Sciences
This roadmap outlines research pathways to determine whether Mars could be warmed withnon-biological methods. It does not presuppose that warming Mars is desirable; its purposeis to identify what would need to be true for Mars to be warmed, what it would cost, and whatcould go wrong. Three complementary research tracks appear promising. Solid-stategreenhouse membranes offer local warming, aiding [...]
Was there an ocean between the North China-Qaidam and Tarim blocks connecting the Mongol-Okhotsk and Paleo-Tethys oceans?
Published: 2026-06-01
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Geology, Tectonics and Structure
The tectonic history of the final amalgamation of Eurasia is puzzling: geological and paleomagnetic data yield contrasting interpretations. Paleomagnetism shows that the North China Block and the Qaidam Basin fragment, migrated northward by several thousand kilometers relative to Eurasia until the latest Jurassic-Early Cretaceous. If true, plate tectonic principles require that a North [...]
Pakistan's Orographic Ladder: Terrain-Constrained Water Potential and the Atmospheric Mechanism Suppressing It
Published: 2026-05-14
Subjects: Atmospheric Sciences, Climate, Hydrology
Pakistan's north-south topographic gradient, 0 m at the Arabian Sea coast rising to 8,611 m at K2 across five distinct ridge systems, represents one of the largest orographic condensation machines on the planet. The terrain's theoretical water yield, set by Arabian Sea moisture flux and ridge geometry alone, far exceeds what Pakistan currently captures. We show that a single atmospheric variable, [...]
Inferring the sub-surface connectivity and structural maturity of the Roccapreturo normal fault system, Central Apeninnes, Italy, using high-resolution structural mapping
Published: 2026-07-10
Subjects: Earth Sciences
Constraining how active faults link together in the sub-surface and understanding how fault geometry and structural maturity affect earthquake propagation are key tools for understanding earthquake behaviour and seismic hazard. We use the Roccapreturo fault system, from the Central Apennines, Italy, which has three closely spaced normal faults mapped at the surface as a case study to explore [...]
A Report on Assumptions and Uncertainties in Modeling Nuclear Winter
Published: 2026-04-26
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
A nuclear winter would be, for lack of better words, really bad. As long as the risk of nuclear war exists, so too will the catastrophic risk of a nuclear winter. Much of the modeling and research that exists on nuclear winter relies on several outdated assumptions or has been altered to elicit a specific political response, thus exaggerating or downplaying the severity. The nuclear field often [...]
Integrating climate projections and machine learning to predict survival of drought resistant trees for climate smart reforestation
Published: 2026-05-05
Subjects: Plant Sciences
Climate smart reforestation faces critical uncertainty about tree survival under future drought conditions. Predicting which trees will survive is essential for guiding species selection and management interventions. This study develops an explainable machine learning framework that integrates long term empirical forestry data with climate projections, functional traits, and management practices [...]