Preprints
There are 6136 Preprints listed.
Dense neural network outperforms other machine learning models for scaling-up lichen cover maps in Eastern Canada
Published: 2025-10-12
Subjects: Environmental Sciences, Natural Resource Economics, Natural Resources Management and Policy, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Sustainability
Lichen mapping is vital for caribou management plans and sustainable land conservation. Previous studies have used random forest, dense neural network, and convolutional neural network models for mapping lichen coverage. However, to date, it is not clear how these models rank in this task. In this study, these machine learning models were evaluated on their ability to predict lichen percent [...]
Variational numerical-modelling strategies for the simulation of driven free-surface waves
Published: 2025-10-12
Subjects: Engineering, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
A new tool is developed for simulating three-dimensional (3D) water-wave motion using the first fully variational 3D discretisation in space and time of Luke's variational principle (VP), with additional focus on the formation and analysis of extreme waves generated within in-house experimental wavetanks. The resulting ``numerical wavetank'' is able to emulate laboratory sea states in which [...]
Reconstructing Nineteenth-Century River Water Levels with Transformer-Based Computer Vision
Published: 2025-10-12
Subjects: Environmental Studies, Physical and Environmental Geography
Nineteenth-century Bavarian Danube gauge charts (1826–1894) were converted into daily water-level series referenced to gauge zero through a semi-automated workflow combining light document pre-processing, dewarping, transformer-based line extraction, pixel-to-curve calibration, and targeted human checks. A curated ground-truth sample supported benchmarking and uncertainty quantification. On three [...]
Global Biosphere Productivity Response to Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation Collapse During Heinrich Stadial 4
Published: 2025-10-11
Subjects: Biogeochemistry, Climate
The slowdown of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) due to ongoing climate change raises concerns about its impact on the global carbon cycle. Understanding how global biosphere productivity may respond to such changes is essential for predicting the future carbon cycle, yet quantifying past global biosphere productivity remains challenging. We use triple isotope composition of [...]
Informing landfill emission reporting programs through remote sensing
Published: 2025-10-11
Subjects: Earth Sciences
Landfills are a significant source of global methane emissions. To quantify and track emissions from these sources over time, jurisdictions and industry experts generally use emission models that involve a variety of process and waste characterization assumptions. These models are used to assess landfill operational performance and establish emission reduction targets. Testing the assumptions of [...]
A City Under Heat: Assessing urban heat island impacts on mortality risk from non-communicable diseases in metropolitan zones of Mexico, 2003-2019
Published: 2025-10-11
Subjects: Public Health
Urban heat island (UHI) has been recognized as a serious health threat in urban cities worldwide, which can contribute to thermal discomfort, and a range of morbidity and mortality outcomes. Using mortality records for five International Classification of Diseases chapters (4, 5, 6, 9, and 10) from 2003–2019 across metropolitan regions in Mexico, and summer and winter daytime/nighttime UHI [...]
Toward Greater Clarity: Reanalyzing Solomon’s Depiction of the Ross Ice Shelf Atmospheric Dynamic
Published: 2025-10-11
Subjects: Education, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Social and Behavioral Sciences
In her book The Coldest March, Dr. Susan Solomon’s influential interpretation of the meteorological conditions surrounding Captain Scott’s South Pole expedition emphasizes the role of extreme weather. However, a reassessment of her characterization of atmospheric dynamics over the Ross Ice Shelf—particularly regarding katabatic winds and airstream structure—reveals discrepancies with established [...]
Tides of change: an exploratory qualitative study on the health risks of an AMOC collapse in Europe, with a focus on Germany
Published: 2025-10-10
Subjects: Public Health
This qualitative study examines the potential health and societal impacts of an Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) collapse on European populations, with a particular focus on Germany. Through semi-structured interviews with 17 transdisciplinary experts, the research investigates how a weakening AMOC could amplify existing health risks, create new challenges and strain healthcare [...]
Curlew 1.0: Spatio-temporal implicit geological modelling with neural fields in python
Published: 2025-10-10
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Tectonics and Structure
We present curlew, an open-source python package for structural geological modelling using neural fields. This modelling framework incorporates various local constraints (value, gradient, orientation and (in)equalities) and tailored global loss functions to ensure data-consistent and geologically realistic predictions. Random Fourier Feature (RFF) encodings are used to improve model convergence [...]
Seismicity Migration from Fluid Injection: Laboratory Experiments and Numerical Models Illuminate Volume-Driven versus Pressure-Diffusion-Driven Migration
Published: 2025-10-10
Subjects: Geophysics and Seismology, Geotechnical Engineering, Mining Engineering
Fluid injection into the subsurface can induce seismicity by reactivating shear rupture, which typically produces larger earthquake magnitudes than tensile rupture. In laboratory shear rupture experiments, pressurization of the entire fault is often limited because large unconfined samples allow fluid to leak at free surfaces. In this study, we investigated shear fault reactivation by directly [...]
Formation and fluxes of natural hydrogen in the crust and upper mantle
Published: 2025-10-10
Subjects: Biogeochemistry, Earth Sciences, Geochemistry
Molecular hydrogen (H2) is a fundamental component of planetary evolution and an important energy source for microbial life. It is now understood that natural mechanisms, spanning geological and biological processes, can produce high concentrations of hydrogen in natural fluids. Quantifying the processes that modulate natural hydrogen concentrations is necessary not only for conceptualising the [...]
Steep nested clinoforms in the mixed siliciclastic-carbonate Sobrarbe Deltaic Complex (Eocene, Aínsa Basin, Spain)
Published: 2025-10-09
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Geology, Sedimentology, Stratigraphy
This study investigates the processes controlling the development of nested clinoforms in outcrops of the Eocene Sobrarbe Deltaic Complex of the Aínsa Basin, highlighting their significance as archives of basin-margin evolution. Small-scale clinoforms record the higher-frequency cycles of delta progradation and the coetaneous development of a carbonate factory, while large-scale clinoforms record [...]
Vegetable supply to Tokyo disrupted by 2023 and 2024 summer heatwaves
Published: 2025-10-09
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Understanding the impacts on urban food supply from extreme climate events is a first step towards building climate-resilient agri-food systems. Here, we report on vegetable supply disruptions in the Tokyo metropolitan area due to the summer heatwaves of 2023 and 2024, using the governmental survey on wholesale market arrival volumes and prices. Fifteen vegetables (broccoli, cabbage, carrot, [...]
No evidence for a 10-m historical tectonic uplift at Mangalia, (Romanian Black Sea coast): Comment on Drăgușin et al. (2025)
Published: 2025-10-09
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Drăgușin et al. (2025) interpreted deposits at Mangalia (Romania) as evidence of a two-phase tectonic event (~14 m subsidence and uplift) during the 18th–19th centuries. Based on multi-proxy data from the same site, we show that this scenario is inconsistent with regional tectonics, stratigraphy, and archaeology. The deposits instead record the gradual infill of a coastal depression episodically [...]
LONG-LIVED TOPOGRAPHY ALONG RIFTED MARGINS: INSIGHTS FROM APARADOS DA SERRA ESCARPMENT, SOUTHEAST BRAZIL
Published: 2025-10-08
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Tectonics and Structure
The Brazilian margin is one of the longest elevated passive margins (EPMs) in the world. However, both the timing of uplift and the long-term evolution of this EPM remain highly debated. In this study, we present a new suite of apatite (U-Th-Sm)/He (AHe) and fission track (AFT) ages for the southern end of the Brazilian EPM, in the Aparados da Serra plateau. Our results reveal that mean AHe ages [...]