Preprints
There are 5631 Preprints listed.
Climate change and Vulnerability: A Comparison of Perspectives from Indian Sundarbans Delta
Published: 2025-05-02
Subjects: Environmental Studies
An understanding of how climate events influence potential harm to livelihoods may depend on perspective. When perspectives on climate-change vulnerability diverge, policies aimed at reducing vulnerability may be perceived as unjust or unproductive by intended beneficiaries. Using household-level data from an island in the Indian Sundarbans, vulnerability is assessed from three perspectives, [...]
Multidisciplinary Evaluation of the Pyramid-Shaped Formation near Visoko, Bosnia-Herzegovina: A Case for Anthropogenic Construction
Published: 2025-05-02
Subjects: Life Sciences
This study presents a multidisciplinary investigation of the pyramid-shaped formation known as the Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun (Visočica Hill) located in central Bosnia-Herzegovina. Integrating geodetic, geomorphological, geological, archaeological, electromagnetic, and geometrical data, the analysis examines whether the formation’s distinctive features can be fully explained by natural processes [...]
Modulation of tropical cyclogenesis on subseasonal-to-interannual timescales in the deep-learning climate emulator ACE2
Published: 2025-05-02
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Deep-learning global climate emulators are providing a new lens to investigate tropical cyclogenesis (TC genesis). However, without explicitly enforcing known physics, it is necessary to assess whether TC genesis in these models is physical. To address this question, we use the Ai2 Climate Emulator version 2 (ACE2) trained on ERA5 reanalysis to investigate TC genesis and its relationship with the [...]
Biogenic origins and moon
Published: 2025-05-02
Subjects: Life Sciences, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Astronomical discoveries of water abundance in protoplanetary disks are the basis of my hypothesis of a cool formation of the Earth by hydrous accretion in the habitable zone of the disk our solar system derived from, under different pressure conditions than in disks observed at present, chemical evolution in times of accretion, early beginning of prebiotic and biological life. I arrange some of [...]
Predictable and Unpredictable Aspects of Earthquakes from P wave Onsets: Vigorous Ruptures Finish Quickly
Published: 2025-05-02
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
It is widely acknowledged that predicting the final size of an earthquake from the P-wave onset in seismograms is nearly impossible. However, this study explores whether there are any predictable aspects of the rupture process from the initial P-wave. We propose that the moment-normalized duration of an earthquake negatively correlates with its initial stress drop, which is measured from the [...]
A SCALABLE MACHINE LEARNING MODELLING TOOL FOR MAPPING LANDSLIDE RUNOUT USING A CASE STUDY IN HAWKES BAY, NEW ZEALAND
Published: 2025-05-02
Subjects: Climate, Earth Sciences, Geology, Geotechnical Engineering, Other Statistics and Probability
Understanding landslide runout is crucial for land use planning, utility networks, and assessing infrastructure resilience on slopes. Recent guidance recommends incorporating landslide runout models along with climate change implications when assessing land for development. The advancement of machine learning (ML) techniques can offer new insights and a tool to be used alongside current methods. [...]
Application of mud gas analysis for reservoir evaluation
Published: 2025-05-01
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Geochemistry, Geology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Mud gas, which is usually used for monitoring the safety of the wells while drilling, can also be used as a formation evaluation tool. This study aims to analyse mud gas ratios and compare them with the traditional formation evaluation tools, such as resistivity. The analysis of four wells, either exploration or development wells, located in differing geological settings, shows that [...]
Cooling after net zero
Published: 2025-05-01
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology
Climate policy aims to limit global warming by achieving net-zero greenhouse gas emissions. Climate models indicate that achieving net-zero emissions yields a nearly constant global temperature over the following decades. However, whether temperatures remain stable in the centuries after net-zero emissions is uncertain, as models produce conflicting results. Here, we explain how this disagreement [...]
Unsupervised Concept Discovery for Deep Weather Forecast Models with High-Resolution Radar Data
Published: 2025-05-01
Subjects: Computer Engineering
The global climate crisis is creating increasingly complex rainfall patterns, leading to a rising demand for data-driven artificial intelligence (AI) in short-term weather forecasting. However, the black-box nature of AI models act as a critical obstacle against their integration into existing forecasting operations. This study addresses this issue by implementing an explainable AI framework that [...]
Establishing Deep Time: Multi-Method Dating of Archaeological and Speleological Features in the Bosnian Valley of the Pyramids
Published: 2025-05-01
Subjects: Life Sciences, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Social and Behavioral Sciences
This study presents an integrated chronological framework for the Bosnian Valley of the Pyramids using multiple scientific dating techniques. Radiocarbon dating, uranium-thorium analysis, and soil pedogenesis studies were conducted on archaeological and speleological features including the Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun, the Pyramid of the Moon, and the Ravne tunnel networks. Results suggest [...]
Protection of subterranean water infrastructure in an abrupt sunlight reduction scenario
Published: 2025-04-30
Subjects: Engineering, Mechanical Engineering
An abrupt sunlight reduction scenario (ASRS) could result from a nuclear war, supervolcanic eruption, or asteroid/comet impact, reducing global temperatures for over a decade and leaving subterranean water pipes vulnerable to freezing. This paper builds on previous work assessing the extent of vulnerable water pipes in a severe ASRS, and assesses the feasibility of two methods of pipe protection: [...]
Reliability of Contrast-Based Automated Fracture Detection from Decimeter Resolution Aerial Imagery
Published: 2025-04-30
Subjects: Civil and Environmental Engineering, Civil Engineering, Earth Sciences, Engineering, Geology, Geotechnical Engineering, Other Engineering, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Tectonics and Structure
Aerial imagery that captures outcrop exposures of rocks enables the characterization of structural discontinuities such as faults and fractures across large and difficult-to-access areas. These datasets provide an opportunity to analyze the characteristics of fault and fracture networks as analogues for the subsurface. The application of automated interpretation methods to imagery has the [...]
Evaluating Turbulence Parameterizations at Gray Zone Resolutions for the Ocean Surface Boundary Layer
Published: 2025-04-30
Subjects: Fluid Dynamics, Oceanography, Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology
Turbulent mixing in ocean boundary layers is often fully parameterized as a subgrid-scale process in realistic ocean simulations. However, recent submesoscale modeling studies have advanced to a horizontal grid spacing of O(10 m) that is comparable to, or even smaller than, the typical depth of the turbulent surface boundary layer. Meanwhile, efforts toward realistic large-eddy simulations (LES) [...]
Comparative analysis of the stage-discharge rating operated in gradual varied flows with alternative streamflow monitoring approaches
Published: 2025-04-30
Subjects: Engineering, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Streamflow data derived from stage-discharge (HQRC) are reported without uncertainty compelling users to treat them as absolute and deterministic. However, ignoring uncertainty is no longer viable, as data users increasingly demand confidence in measurements - especially for cross-agency comparisons and scientific or legal scrutiny. This paper investigates a major factor affecting the accuracy of [...]
Proactive Tundra Conservation Strategy for a Rapidly Changing Arctic
Published: 2025-04-30
Subjects: Biodiversity, Life Sciences, Other Life Sciences
Warming induced forest expansion, permafrost thaw, and human activities are major drivers affecting the biodiversity and ecosystem functions of the Arctic tundra. While the pace of climate warming is fastest in the Arctic, some important stressors, like forest expansion, seem relatively slow. The slow response might provide the opportunity to safeguard Arctic biodiversity and ecosystem function [...]