Preprints
There are 6392 Preprints listed.
Income strongly moderates climate-driven migration
Published: 2025-12-13
Subjects: Environmental Sciences
Understanding how climate change will reshape human migration remains an open empirical challenge. Migration decisions reflect a complex interplay of environmental and socioeconomic factors, yet existing data and models have struggled to capture this interaction at a global scale. To address this, we assemble spatially granular, long-panel migration data covering nearly the entire world and [...]
An update of the LDEO fCO2-Residual method: algorithmic choices improve ocean carbon sink estimates
Published: 2025-12-12
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
We evaluate the impact of various algorithmic design choices on reconstruction skill and estimated air-sea CO2 flux using the fCO2-Residual machine learning (ML) method (Bennington et al., 2022a) to reconstruct surface ocean fCO2. We reconstruct fCO2 globally over the period 1982-2023 by optimizing the hyperparameter selection process (ResidualOPT) and/or using ΔfCO2-Residual (subtracting fCO2atm [...]
CLOSDI: A Novel Spectral Index for Cloud Shadow Detection in Sentinel-2 Imagery using NDVI and EVI2
Published: 2025-12-12
Subjects: Remote Sensing, Spatial Science
The presence of clouds and their shadows represents one of the main limitations for the spectral analysis of Sentinel-2 imagery. Although the Scene Classification Layer (SCL), generated by the Sen2Cor algorithm, includes specific classes for cloud shadows and dark area pixels, several studies have revealed limitations in its detection capabilities. This work proposes a new spectral index—the [...]
Vegetation Does Not Control Suspended Sediment Deposition in Salt Marshes
Published: 2025-12-12
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Intertidal marshes are valuable geophysical systems, but their extent is rapidly declining globally. Marshes tend to keep up with sea-level rise through suspended-sediment and organic-matter deposition, up to a marsh-specific threshold rate of sea-level rise. Studies that explore marsh survival often assume that inorganic sediment deposition rates are directly linked to the density of marsh [...]
Solubility and speciation of sulfur in silicate melts under crustal conditions
Published: 2025-12-12
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Geochemistry, Geology, Volcanology
We have determined the solubility of sulfur as either sulfide (S2-) or sulfate (S6+) in a wide range of silicate melts at 1 atm pressure and temperatures of 1050° to 1250°C. The method involved suspension of the melt in either a mixture of CO2-CO-SO2 (sulfide solubility) or SO2 and air (sulfate solubility) for periods of up to 120 hours. Sulfur concentrations, measured by electron microprobe were [...]
Machine Learning–Based Prediction of Atmospheric CO₂ Concentration: A Year– Month Trend analysis
Published: 2025-12-12
Subjects: Environmental Education
Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) remains the principal driver of contemporary climate change, yet accurately forecasting its temporal evolution requires models capable of capturing complex nonlinear and seasonal dynamics. In this study, we conduct a comprehensive evaluation of thirteen supervised machine-learning algorithms to model and predict long-term atmospheric CO₂ concentrations using [...]
Climate Network Analysis of Precipitation Regimes from WorldClim Data in Saudi Arabia
Published: 2025-12-12
Subjects: Civil and Environmental Engineering, Environmental Sciences, Geography, Risk Analysis
Saudi Arabia is shaped by a hydroclimatic gradient, from the hyper-arid Rub’ al-Khali desert to the semi-arid mountains in the southwest. This gradient affects runoff generation, groundwater recharge, and drought risk, yet most studies still summarize rainfall using basic statistics from station data or gridded products. This research applies climate network analysis to identify coherent rainfall [...]
Towards Entire Wavefield Inversion in Highly Scattering Volcanic Environments using Fourier Neural Operators
Published: 2025-12-12
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Seismic imaging in volcanic environments is highly challenging due to significant scattering of seismic waves on multiple spatial scales. When these wavefields are recorded on the surface by seismic arrays, seismograms generally contain information-rich codas in addition to ballistic first arrivals. Later reflected and refracted arrivals are often completely masked by the scattered coda waves. [...]
Dynamic estuarine Chlorophyll-a estimation-based time series harmonized Landsat- Sentinel images
Published: 2025-12-11
Subjects: Environmental Studies
This research develops a vigorous approach to estimate Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration in the dynamic, optically complex waters (or Case 2 water including coastal waters, estuaries and inland water bodies) of Ganh Rai Bay, Vietnam by leveraging time series harmonized Landsat and Sentinel-2 (TM-HLS) imagery. One of the fundamental challenges while conducting this method to compute Chl-a signal [...]
Influence of sea surface temperature patterns and mean warming on past and future Atlantic hurricane activity
Published: 2025-12-11
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
This study investigates the relative contributions of large-scale thermodynamic and dynamic processes to multidecadal changes in Atlantic tropical cyclone (TC) activity, spanning the historical record since the late 19th century, and extending to 2100 projections. We employ a framework that decomposes TC counts into precursor disturbances that transition into fully developed storms, applied to [...]
Nanometallogeny: The role of the nano-effect in the enrichment, migration and mineralization of rare element, rare earth element and precious metal deposits
Published: 2025-12-11
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
geosciences to better understand what is perhaps the most economically important field in geology: the enrichment, migration and deposition of mineral deposits. Ore-bearing fluids and ore particles behave differently at the nano-scale compared to the more familiar macro-scale. Nanometallogenic processes have been used to explain the mechanism in which rare elements with extremely low abundance in [...]
Hidden early clinopyroxene relicts record reactive porous flow in oceanic plutonic series
Published: 2025-12-11
Subjects: Geology
Almost two-thirds of the Earth’s magmatic budget is concentrated at mid-ocean ridges, with 85% of this being emplaced as intrusive rocks. In these systems, now understood to consist mostly of a crystal-dominated igneous medium (mush), melt differentiation at depth is predominantly governed by melt-mush reactions. These reactions have been well described for primitive lithologies (ranging from [...]
PetThermoTools: a fast, flexible, and accessible Python3 package for performing thermodynamic calculations
Published: 2025-12-11
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
We present PetThermoTools - an open-source Python3 tool for performing thermodynamic simulations of mantle and magmatic processes. Thermodynamic modeling forms a central component to many research projects in igneous petrology. However, few studies utilize the full potential of these methods due to the steep learning curve associated with existing code or text-based interfaces (e.g., [...]
Tandem: An Open-Source High-Performance Computing Volumetric Software to Model Sequences of Earthquakes and Aseismic Slip Across Complex Fault Systems
Published: 2025-12-11
Subjects: Geophysics and Seismology
Simulating sequences of earthquakes and aseismic slip (SEAS) on realistic fault systems provides a physical framework to understand the evolution of the seismic cycle, but remains computationally expensive. Volumetric approaches offer the physical flexibility to handle complex geometries and heterogeneous off-fault media but may incur prohibitively high computational costs when applied to the [...]
A scoping review of spatiotemporal ConvLSTM applications for predicting water balance components
Published: 2025-12-10
Subjects: Engineering
Deep learning is renewing computational hydrology by offering advanced capabilities for modeling complex environmental processes characterized by spatiotemporal variability. Among these approaches, the Convolutional Long Short-Term Memory (ConvLSTM) network has gained considerable attention for its ability to learn spatial and temporal dependencies simultaneously, a feature particularly valuable [...]