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Preprints

There are 6219 Preprints listed.

Aerial LiDAR Based, Source Resolved Methane Emissions Inventory: Permian Basin Case Study for Benchmarking U.S. Emissions

Christopher Paul Donahue, Kabir Oberoi, James Dillon, et al.

Published: 2025-10-24
Subjects: Engineering, Physical Sciences and Mathematics

Reducing methane emissions is one of the quickest ways to slow near-term warming, yet building accurate inventories to track progress towards reduction targets remains challenging. We present a 2024 source-resolved methane inventory for the Permian Basin built from quarterly aerial LiDAR scans that supports benchmarking and provides a scalable framework for operator-level OGMP 2.0 reporting. We [...]

Managing Squeezing Rock Mass with TBM Data Analysis: Rail Link Rishikesh – Karnaprayag (India)

Georg H. Erharter, Sumit Jain, Øyvind Dammyr, et al.

Published: 2025-10-24
Subjects: Geotechnical Engineering

The 125.2 km rail link Rishikesh–Karnaprayag in the Lesser Himalayas of India represents a benchmark in mechanized tunnelling through complex geology. This paper focuses on Tunnel 8, a 14.58 km section excavated primarily using two single-shield hard rock tunnel boring machines (TBM) under challenging conditions characterized by tectonically deformed, partly water-bearing phyllites and high [...]

Intermittent supershear rupture punctuated by barrier-induced stopping phase during the 2025 Mw 7.8 Myanmar Earthquake: Evidence from near-fault strong motion observation

Xiaotian Ding, Shiqing Xu, Lingling Ye

Published: 2025-10-24
Subjects: Geology, Geophysics and Seismology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics

Supershear rupture has been investigated by many studies, yet its exact characteristics during natural earthquakes are not fully clear, due to the paucity of near-field constraints. Here we analyze the strong motion data recorded at a near-fault station during the 2025 Mw 7.8 Myanmar earthquake to estimate the detailed source process around that station. By comparing simulated velocity waveforms [...]

Climate factors related to the dengue incidence in Costa Rica and future projections under scenario SSP5-8.5.

Hugo G Hidalgo, Eric J Alfaro, Fabio Sanchez, et al.

Published: 2025-10-24
Subjects: Environmental Sciences, Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology, Statistics and Probability

This article has three objectives: 1) modeling the climate-dengue relationship at the smallest administrative division (districts) using high-resolution data; 2) use of an objective algorithm for the selection of predictors that results in parsimonious models, cross-validated to prevent overfitting; and 3) using estimates from CMIP6 climate models to provide mid-century (2035-2065) potential [...]

MPsizeBase: a database for particle size distributed environmental microplastic data

Jeroen Sonke, Theo Segur, Ian Hough, et al.

Published: 2025-10-24
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics

Understanding the sources, dispersion, and health impacts of microplastic (MP) pollution requires quantitative observations in terms of MP number and/or mass concentrations. Measurements of environmental MP fragments or fibers typically target variable size spans within the formal 1 to 5000 µm range, due to different sampling and detection techniques, and are therefore not directly comparable. In [...]

Response of atmospheric convection to surface drying: new insights from isentropic analysis

Laurel Regibeau-Rockett, Morgan O'Neill

Published: 2025-10-24
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics

There is strong evidence that the atmospheric moisture content of several solar system planets, including Earth, has varied over their lifetimes. A growing body of work also documents a range of atmospheric water vapor content on exoplanets. An improved understanding of the coupling between atmospheric moisture availability and convection could yield greater intuition about the past and current [...]

Nondimensional parameter regimes of Arctic ice keel-ocean flow interactions

Fangchen Liu, Varvara E Zemskova

Published: 2025-10-24
Subjects: Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology

Sea ice keels modulate upper-ocean momentum and mixing through internal wave (IW) generation, yet their effects are difficult to represent in climate models because their spatio-temporal scales are smaller than those of climate models and difficult to study in idealized simulations because geometry, forcing, and stratification span a large parameter space. We construct a compact description of [...]

Reversal of extreme precipitation trends over the Northeast US in response to aggressive climate mitigation in GFDL SPEAR

Bor-Ting Jong, Zachary Michael Labe, Thomas L. Delworth, et al.

Published: 2025-10-24
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics

Rapid reductions in greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations are increasingly included in mitigation strategies, yet the response of regional climate extremes to such reductions remain highly uncertain. Here, we assess projected changes in extreme precipitation over the Northeast US under an aggressive overshoot mitigation pathway (SSP5-3.4OS), simulated by the fully coupled 25-km GFDL SPEAR climate [...]

Global presence and absence of ultra-low velocity zones as seen by Sdiff postcursors

James Robin Atkins, Carl Martin, Sanne Cottaar

Published: 2025-10-24
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Geophysics and Seismology

The core-mantle boundary is a region of significant lateral heterogeneity. Two antipodal large low-velocity provinces (LLVPs) dominate the lower mantle, while smaller but more extreme ultra-low velocity zones (ULVZs) pepper the lowermost mantle in a variety of morphologies. These ULVZs have been linked to both the edges of LLVPs and to plume-related hotspots, the latter of which may plausibly be [...]

Complex Realities, Simple Signals? Global Evaluation of Early Warning Signals for Forest Mortality Events

Nielja Knecht, Romi Lotcheris, Ingo Fetzer, et al.

Published: 2025-10-24
Subjects: Environmental Indicators and Impact Assessment, Environmental Monitoring, Longitudinal Data Analysis and Time Series, Other Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Other Forestry and Forest Sciences, Sustainability

Forests around the world are increasingly experiencing large-scale regional mortality events as a result of droughts and heat waves. Despite their considerable impacts on the material, non-material, and regulatory contributions of forest ecosystems to people, these mortality events remain difficult to predict. Temporal Early Warning Signals (EWS) based on the concept of Critical Slowing Down [...]

Effects of cementation on the cyclic resistance of granular soils with presence of initial static shear stress

Aoxi Zhang, Chaofa Zhao, Hadrien Rattez, et al.

Published: 2025-10-23
Subjects: Engineering

In engineering applications such as non-invasive cementation beneath existing structures or naturally induced cementation around piles, cementation can develop in soils that have previously undergone initial static shear. However, the joint effect of cementation and initial static shear stress on subsequent cyclic loading behaviour remains largely uninvestigated, despite its crucial importance [...]

Climate as the Primary Moderator: Towards Context-Driven Design and Implementation of Vertical Greenery Systems for Stormwater Management

Abdul Ghafoor Nizamani, Geir Torgersen

Published: 2025-10-23
Subjects: Civil and Environmental Engineering, Engineering

Urbanisation intensifies stormwater management challenges by expanding impervious surfaces, increasing flood risk and degrading water quality. Vertical Greenery Systems (VGS) are increasingly promoted as nature-based solutions for space-constrained cities, yet their performance remains highly variable and context-dependent. This systematic review, conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines [...]

On radiocarbon near the epicenter of the 1908 Tunguska event

Andrei Ol'khovatov

Published: 2025-10-23
Subjects: Education, Engineering, Physical Sciences and Mathematics

This paper is a continuation of a series of works, devoted to various aspects of the 1908 Tunguska event. A large number of hypotheses about its causes have already been put forward. However, so far none of them has received convincing evidence. Since the late 1950s, a large number of studies have been carried out in the area of the Tunguska event, including those related to radiocarbon [...]

Global Alpine Treeline Elevational Transects

Chenyang Wei, Adam Michael Wilson

Published: 2025-10-23
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Environmental Monitoring, Forest Sciences, Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecology

The Alpine Treeline Ecotone (ATE) is an important ecological transition zone at the juncture of montane forests and alpine tundra. It serves as a crucial habitat for diverse species and a sensitive indicator of climate change. Consistent characterization of the elevational gradients of ATE is challenging due to complex topography and data limitations. This study introduces a comprehensive [...]

Dead Sea Warming and the Origin of Salt Giants

Emmanuel Guillerm, Tim K Lowenstein, Véronique Gardien, et al.

Published: 2025-10-23
Subjects: Earth Sciences

Episodically, vast seas on Earth partly dried out, leaving deposits called “salt giants”. Recently, in addition to well-documented accelerated level decline and salt precipitation, the Dead Sea has suffered severe warming. The mechanisms underlying this warming and the formation of salt giants remain unresolved. Here we propose a physical model of hypersaline waterbodies that reproduces Dead Sea [...]

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